Negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (FoF) have received increased attention in second language research. The combination of negotiation and proactive FoF, however, has not been examined in relation to L2 vocabulary learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of negotiation and proactive FoF impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledge development. The participants were 100 adult learners of English, assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. The three experimental groups investigated three categories of no negotiation, limited negotiation, and extended negotiation in proactive FoF. A pretest-posttest design was employed in order to detect any improvement in participants’ vocabulary knowledge components, consisting of collocations, synonyms, derivation, and hyponymy. The results revealed that (a) participants’ vocabulary knowledge significantly improved in all the experimental groups, (b) extended negotiation was significantly superior to limited negotiation, and limited negotiation was significantly superior to no negotiation in proactive FoF, and (c) derivation was the least affected vocabulary component by the treatment.

Negotiation is a way of solving the international disputes and differences among the nations. Due to its importance, negotiation has been influential and accepted by the international Communities, The implementation of this method (negotiation) compare to other Juridical systems is sometimes the only way and Sometimes the pre - condition of solving the international conflicts. In spite of changes which have been Taken place in different diplomatic sections, this method (negotiation) has not seen that much changes at the present time compare to the past, meanwhile it has been taken in to Consideration more often. In order to investigate this issue it is worthwhile to take into consideration two factors: Common interests and problems which is stemmed from disputes. Based on the purposes of each side and the dependability of them to basic issues of the negotiation, the positive result of this method is confirmed. Within this process the negotiator must have precise and clear characteristics which will have influential effect in solving the internal conflict or disputes. Because of the mentioned importance of negotiation, its real value and importance must be discovered and also it regulations should be correctly implemented.

The discussion about the person's liability for the actions attributable to him before the stage of contracting is a new debate that has been attracted the attention of legal circles. According to this debate, the person’ s freedom of contracting does not implement the person’ s freedom to ignore the rights and interest of other party. As a result, it would be possible that contracting person considered as responsible with the realization of contractual condition. However, the main problem is that despite the domination of the rule of contractual freedom in negotiating process, on what foundations such a responsibility can based. Does accepting the responsibility in this regard mean the violation of person’ s freedom of contracting? Hence, resorting to a descriptive-analytic method of research and a comparative approach, this research seeks to study the foundations of pre-contractual liability and also description of contractual, non-contractual or specific nature of the pre-contractual liability. Concisely, we can say that the most important reason for defending the pre-contractual liability would be the violation of fair negotiation obligation. Also pre-contractual liability has its own especial nature, but ultimately has a lot of correspondence with non-contractual civil liability.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘State fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘State fair mix’.

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph‎. ‎A dominating set of $G$ is a subset $D\subseteq V$ such that every vertex not in $D$ is adjacent to at least one vertex in $D$‎. ‎ The cardinality of a smallest dominating set of $G$‎, ‎denoted by $\gamma(G)$‎, ‎is the domination number of $G$‎. ‎For $k \geq 1$‎, ‎a $k$-fair dominating set ($kFD$-set) in $G$‎, ‎is a dominating set $S$ such that $|N(v) \cap D|=k$ for every vertex $ v \in V\setminus D$‎. ‎A fair dominating set in $G$ is a $kFD$-set for some integer $k\geq 1$‎. ‎We consider $1FD$-sets and define a fair coalition in a graph $G$ as a pair of disjoint subsets $A_1‎, ‎A_2 \subseteq A$ that satisfy the following conditions‎: ‎(a) neither $A_1$ nor $A_2$ constitutes a $1$-fair dominating set of $G$‎, ‎and (b) $A_1\cup A_2$ constitutes a $1$-fair dominating set of $G$.‎ ‎ A fair coalition partition of a graph $G$ is a partition $\Upsilon = \{A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_k\}$ of its vertex set‎ ‎ such that every set $A_i$ of $\Upsilon$ is either‎ ‎ a singleton $1$-fair dominating set of $G$‎, ‎or is not a $1$-fair dominating set of $G$ but forms a fair coalition with another non-$1$-fair dominating set $A_j\in \Upsilon$‎. ‎ We define the fair coalition number of $G$ as the maximum cardinality of a fair coalition partition of $G$‎, ‎and we denote it by $\mathcal{C}_f(G)$‎.‎ We initiate the study of the fair coalition in graphs and obtain $\mathcal{C}_f(G)$ for some specific graphs‎.

This study aimed at investigating L2 learners’ feedback preferences, negotiation of meaning, and negotiation of form in multimodal and text-based computer-mediated modalities of collaborative writing. To this end, 30 Iranian EFL learners’ collaborative writing performances were traced via conversation analysis technique to identify their feedback preferences (cognitive, metacognitive, affective, recast and elicited) in two computer-mediated modalities. The chi-square analysis on frequency counts of feedback cases in language-related episodes (LRE) indicated that two computer-mediated modalities were significantly different in engaging students with different feedback types. Further conversation analysis of student’ s collaborative writing performances in two modalities was conducted to trace LREs in which students negotiated meaning and form. Each indicator, trigger, response, reaction chain in LREs was counted either as meaning or form negotiation units, depending on the type of LREs in which students co-managed to repair and further improve their writing outcomes. The chi-square analysis on meaning and form negotiation units indicated that text-based and multimodal computer-mediated significantly differed in their potentials of engaging students with meaning negotiation and form negotiation in collaborative writing. The results implied that despite two modalities may facilitate collaborative writing in different ways, they prepare EFL learners for distinct individual composing processes and written outcomes.

The purpose of automated negotiations, as a novel field of study in Artificial Intelligence, is focused on autonomous agents that can appear as humans' intelligent representatives, attend negotiations with other agents, and attain acceptable outcomes. The so-called automated negotiating agents are implemented such that they can beat as many opponents as possible in different kinds of domains. Like what happens in our daily negotiations, agents in automated negotiations do not reveal their preferences explicitly. Numerous research studies have heretofore accentuated that an opponent model would be a great salvation to reduce this uncertainty, since it can be of much assistance in making wiser decisions in the next steps, reaching ideal eventual utility, and more satisfaction, accordingly. Although most opponents in our world have single-peaked preferences, the functionality of negotiating agents in modeling single-peaked opponents has not been studied. Gaussian agents are one important sort of single-peaked agents that utilize the Gaussian function to ascribe the ranking of each negotiation item. The Gaussian opponent's bliss point estimation is of high importance during a negotiation. Therefore, we first proposed a variety of Gaussian bidding agents and then focused on how accurately Automated Negotiating Agents Competition (ANAC) attendees during 2010-2019 would model these bidder agents. The results of our experiments revealed that existing ANAC agents are performing well regarding individual utility and social welfare on average, but they are poor in modeling Gaussian negotiating bidding agents.